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Biological Differences in Males and Females

Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)

Male blood typically contains higher levels of hemoglobin
Males have larger lungs and hearts.

Combined these help the male body utilize more oxygen at a faster rate than a female.

Males have more myonuclei in their muscles:

Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)

Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries

Females have the difficult realities of menstruation, childbirth, and menopause
Many female athletes struggle with the "female athlete triad"

Male bone structures are different

Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries

On average, Males have denser bones.
Females have shorter long bones, an increased Q angle, and the angle of the pelvis required for childbirth increases the curvature of the lower spine. This also makes the centers of gravity a bit different between the two sexes
Males have longer arms and shorter torsos

Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance

published by the Endocrine Society at Oxford Academy.
supports lowering testosterone limit to 5nmol/L in womens sports
"Testosterone is responsible muscle mass and strength"

Women and Men in Sport Performance: The Gender Gap has not Evolved since 1983

Journal of Sports and Science Medicine
"Results suggest that women will not run, jump, swim or ride as fast as men "
" Sex is a major factor influencing best performances and world records "

Comparing Athletic PerformancesThe Best Elite Women to Boys and Men

published by Duke Law
" This differential isn’t the result of boys and men having a male identity, more resources, better training, or superior discipline. It’s because they have an androgenized body."
" There is no other physical, cultural, or socioeconomic trait as important as testes for sports purposes."

Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter?

National Center for Biotechnology Information
"The hallmark of human biology is variation, and much of the observed variation both within and between the sexes is encoded within the human genome."

Different Endurance Characteristics of Female and Male German Soccer Players

Biology of Sport - US National Library of Medicine
" During incremental testing, the running performances of female and male players reflect different distributions of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways. The revealed gender differences should be considered for soccer endurance training."

Myonuclei acquired by overload exercise precede hypertrophy and are not lost on detraining

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
" .. and because anabolic steroids facilitate more myonuclei, nuclear permanency may also have implications for exclusion periods after a doping offense "

Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18–88 yr

American Physiological Society | Journal of Applied Physiology

The Female Athlete Triad

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: October 2007 - Volume 39 - Issue 10 - p 1867-1882 written for the American College of Sports Medicine by by Aurelia Nattiv, M.D., FACSM (Chair); Anne B. Loucks, Ph.D., FACSM; Melinda M. Manore, Ph.D., R.D., FACSM; Charlotte F. Sanborn, Ph.D., FACSM; Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen, Ph.D.; and Michelle P. Warren, M.D.

"The female athlete triad (Triad) refers to the interrelationships among energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density, which may have clinical manifestations including eating disorders, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, and osteoporosis.

With proper nutrition, these same relationships promote robust health. Athletes are distributed along a spectrum between health and disease, and those at the pathological end may not exhibit all these clinical conditions simultaneously "

click here to read the full article

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Biological Differences in Males and Females

Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)

Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)

Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)

Males have more myonuclei in their muscles:

Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)

Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)

Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries

Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries

Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries

Male bone structures are different

Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries

Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries

Dr. Gregory A. Brown

Dr. Emma Hilton

Dr. Helen Waite

Dr. Kristopher Hunt, MD

Dr. Gabriel Higerd

An analysis of Transwomen in elite sports

Strength comparisons

Comparison of Men’s & Women’s Athletic World Records

The Female Athlete Triad

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