Biological Differences in Males and Females
Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)
Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)
Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)
- Male blood typically contains higher levels of hemoglobin
- Males have larger lungs and hearts.
Combined these help the male body utilize more oxygen at a faster rate than a female.
Males have more myonuclei in their muscles:
Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)
Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)
Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries
Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries
Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries
- Females have the difficult realities of menstruation, childbirth, and menopause
- Many female athletes struggle with the "female athlete triad"
Male bone structures are different
Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries
Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries
- On average, Males have denser bones.
- Females have shorter long bones, an increased Q angle, and the angle of the pelvis required for childbirth increases the curvature of the lower spine. This also makes the centers of gravity a bit different between the two sexes
- Males have longer arms and shorter torsos
Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance
- published by the Endocrine Society at Oxford Academy.
- supports lowering testosterone limit to 5nmol/L in womens sports
- "Testosterone is responsible muscle mass and strength"
Women and Men in Sport Performance: The Gender Gap has not Evolved since 1983
- Journal of Sports and Science Medicine
- "Results suggest that women will not run, jump, swim or ride as fast as men "
- " Sex is a major factor influencing best performances and world records "
Comparing Athletic PerformancesThe Best Elite Women to Boys and Men
- published by Duke Law
- " This differential isn’t the result of boys and men having a male identity, more resources, better training, or superior discipline. It’s because they have an androgenized body."
- " There is no other physical, cultural, or socioeconomic trait as important as testes for sports purposes."
Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter?
- National Center for Biotechnology Information
- "The hallmark of human biology is variation, and much of the observed variation both within and between the sexes is encoded within the human genome."
Different Endurance Characteristics of Female and Male German Soccer Players
- Biology of Sport - US National Library of Medicine
- " During incremental testing, the running performances of female and male players reflect different distributions of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways. The revealed gender differences should be considered for soccer endurance training."
Myonuclei acquired by overload exercise precede hypertrophy and are not lost on detraining
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
- " .. and because anabolic steroids facilitate more myonuclei, nuclear permanency may also have implications for exclusion periods after a doping offense "
Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18–88 yr
- American Physiological Society | Journal of Applied Physiology
Dr. Gregory A. Brown
Dr. Brown is an accomplished Professor of Exercise Science in the Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences at the University of Nebraska Kearney.
He has submitted this report in the Title IX case against the Department of Education on behalf of female athletes including Selina Soule and Alanna Smith.
Dr. Emma Hilton
a developmental biologist in a gendered world
@FondOfBeetles
Dr. Helen Waite
Sports sociologist and former elite athlete Presented on 12 October 2019, “New Myths of a Level Playing Field in Women’s Sport”
Dr. Kristopher Hunt, MD
An excellent presentation by Dr. Kristopher Hunt, an emergency physician, and the current chair of USA Powerlifting's therapeutic use exemption committee.
An analysis of Transwomen in elite sports
Strength comparisons
Comparison of Men’s & Women’s Athletic World Records
The Female Athlete Triad
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: October 2007 - Volume 39 - Issue 10 - p 1867-1882 written for the American College of Sports Medicine by by Aurelia Nattiv, M.D., FACSM (Chair); Anne B. Loucks, Ph.D., FACSM; Melinda M. Manore, Ph.D., R.D., FACSM; Charlotte F. Sanborn, Ph.D., FACSM; Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen, Ph.D.; and Michelle P. Warren, M.D.
"The female athlete triad (Triad) refers to the interrelationships among energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density, which may have clinical manifestations including eating disorders, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, and osteoporosis.
With proper nutrition, these same relationships promote robust health. Athletes are distributed along a spectrum between health and disease, and those at the pathological end may not exhibit all these clinical conditions simultaneously "
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