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New Research Article Published

 "Female Olympians’ voices: Female sports categories and International Olympic Committee Transgender guidelines" by Cathy Devine

click here to read it

Download Scientific Reports

Expert Declaration from Dr. Gregory A. Brown (pdf)Download
Dr. Gariel Higerd (pdf)Download
Dr. Emma HIlton (pdf)Download
Karolinska Institutet from Sweden (pdf)Download
Transwomen in elite sport Knox Heather (pdf)Download

Biological Differences in Males and Females

Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)

Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)

Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)

  • Male blood typically contains higher levels of hemoglobin 
  • Males have larger lungs and hearts.

Combined these help the male body utilize more oxygen at a faster rate than a female. 

Males have more myonuclei in their muscles:

Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)

Males have increased utilization of oxygen (VO2 max)

  • Increased Mass
  • Increased Strength 
  • Faster recovery 


Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries

Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries

Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries

  • Females have the difficult realities of menstruation, childbirth, and menopause
  • Many female athletes struggle with the "female athlete triad" 

Male bone structures are different

Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries

Males Do Not Have A Uterus or Ovaries

  • On average, Males have denser bones.
  • Females have shorter long bones, an increased Q angle, and the angle of the pelvis required for childbirth increases the curvature of the lower spine. This also makes the centers of gravity a bit different between the two sexes
  • Males have longer arms and shorter torsos 

Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance

  • published by the Endocrine Society at Oxford Academy.
  • supports lowering  testosterone limit to 5nmol/L in womens sports 
  •  "Testosterone is responsible muscle mass and strength"

Women and Men in Sport Performance: The Gender Gap has not Evolved since 1983

  • Journal of Sports and Science Medicine
  •  "Results suggest that women will not run, jump, swim or ride as fast as men "
  • " Sex is a major factor influencing best performances and world records "

Comparing Athletic PerformancesThe Best Elite Women to Boys and Men

  • published by Duke Law
  • " This differential isn’t the result of boys and men having a male identity, more resources, better training, or superior discipline. It’s because they have an androgenized body."
  • " There is no other physical, cultural, or socioeconomic trait as important as testes for sports purposes."

Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter?

  •   National Center for Biotechnology Information 
  • "The hallmark of human biology is variation, and much of the observed variation both within and between the sexes is encoded within the human genome."

Different Endurance Characteristics of Female and Male German Soccer Players

  • Biology of Sport - US National Library of Medicine
  • " During incremental testing, the running performances of female and male players reflect different distributions of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways. The revealed gender differences should be considered for soccer endurance training."  

Myonuclei acquired by overload exercise precede hypertrophy and are not lost on detraining

  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
  • " .. and because anabolic steroids facilitate more myonuclei, nuclear permanency may also have implications for exclusion periods after a doping offense "

Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18–88 yr

  • American Physiological Society | Journal of Applied Physiology

  • Changes in muscle strength and muscle cross-sectional area following cross-sex hormone treatment


  • Transgender Policy in Sport, A Review of Current Policy and Commentary of the Challenges of Policy Creation 


  • Transgender Sports: Men and Women Have Physical Differences That No Surgery or Hormone Treatment Can Change


  • The Hormone Cycle and Female Lifters


  • The Condition That's Quietly Sidelining Female Athletes


  • Training Differences: Men and Women


  • The Difference Between Male And Female Biomechanics In Strength Training


  • PERIOD – FEMALE ATHLETES AND MENSTRUATION


  • Biological sex differences: bones & muscles


  • Harder, better, faster, stronger: why we must protect female sports  

 

  • Evaluation of Testosterone/Epitestosterone Ratio Influential Factors as Determined in Doping Analysis 


  • Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18–88 yr


  • A Comparative Study on Strength between American College Male and Female Students in Caucasian and Asian Populations   


  • Molecular basis of Gender Dysphoria: androgen and estrogen receptor interaction

Dr. Gregory A. Brown

Dr. Brown is an accomplished Professor of Exercise Science in the Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences at the University of Nebraska Kearney.  


He has submitted this report in the Title IX case against the Department of Education on behalf of female athletes including Selina Soule and Alanna Smith.


"Doctor joins Title IX complaint"

Expert Declaration from Dr. Gregory A. Brown (pdf)Download

Dr. Emma Hilton

 a developmental biologist in a gendered world 

@FondOfBeetles


  • Transgender Women in The Female Category of Sport: Is the Male Performance Advantage Removed by Testosterone Suppression?

 

  • From humans to asparagus, females are females


  • Harder, better, faster, stronger: why we must protect female sports


  • Sport saves females: Fatima Whitbread


Dr. Helen Waite

 Sports sociologist and former elite athlete Presented on 12 October 2019, “New Myths of a Level Playing Field in Women’s Sport” 

Dr. Kristopher Hunt, MD

An excellent presentation by Dr. Kristopher Hunt, an emergency physician,  and the current chair of USA Powerlifting's therapeutic use exemption committee. 

Dr. Gabriel Higerd

Doctor of Education in Sports Management

An analysis of Transwomen in elite sports

Transwomen in elite sport (pdf)Download

Strength comparisons

Strength comparisons in untrained men and trained women (pdf)Download

Comparison of Men’s & Women’s Athletic World Records

Men's and Women's World Sports Records (pdf)Download

The Female Athlete Triad

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: October 2007 - Volume 39 - Issue 10 - p 1867-1882  written for the American College of Sports Medicine by by Aurelia Nattiv, M.D., FACSM (Chair); Anne B. Loucks, Ph.D., FACSM; Melinda M. Manore, Ph.D., R.D., FACSM; Charlotte F. Sanborn, Ph.D., FACSM; Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen, Ph.D.; and Michelle P. Warren, M.D. 


"The female athlete triad (Triad) refers to the interrelationships among energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density, which may have clinical manifestations including eating disorders, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. 

With proper nutrition, these same relationships promote robust health. Athletes are distributed along a spectrum between health and disease, and those at the pathological end may not exhibit all these clinical conditions simultaneously "

click here to read the full article

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